| Élisée Reclus | |
|---|---|
| Born | March 15, 1830 Sainte-Foy-la-Grande, France |
| Died | July 4, 1905 (aged 75) Torhout, Belgium |
| Occupation | Geographer, anarchist revolutionary, and writer. |
Élisée Reclus (March 15, 1830 – July 4, 1905), also known as Jacques Élisée Reclus, was a renowned French geographer, writer and anarchist. He produced his 19-volume masterwork La Nouvelle Géographie universelle, la terre et les hommes ("Universal Geography"), over a period of nearly 20 years (1875 – 1894). In 1892 he was awarded the prestigious Gold Medal of the Paris Geographical Society for this work, despite his having been banished from France because of his political activism.
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Reclus was born at Sainte-Foy-la-Grande (Gironde). He was the second son of a Protestant pastor and his wife. From the family of fourteen children, several, including his brother and fellow geographer Onésime Reclus, went on to achieve renown either as men of letters, politicians or members of the learned professions.
Reclus began his education in Rhenish Prussia, and continued higher studies at the Protestant college of Montauban. He completed his studies at University of Berlin, where he followed a long course of geography under Carl Ritter.
Withdrawing from France because of political events of December 1851, he spent the next six years (1852 –1857) traveling and working in Great Britain, the United States, Central America, and Colombia. Arriving in Louisiana in 1853, Reclus worked for about two and a half years as a tutor to the children of Septime and Félicité Fortier at their plantation Félicité, located about 50 miles upriver from New Orleans. He recounted his passage through the Mississippi river delta and impressions of antebellum New Orleans and the state in Fragment d'un voyage á Louisiane, published in 1855.[1]
On his return to Paris, Reclus contributed to the Revue des deux mondes, the Tour du monde and other periodicals, a large number of articles embodying the results of his geographical work. Among other works of this period was the short book Histoire d’un ruisseau, in which he traced the development of a great river from source to mouth. From 1867 – 1868 he published La Terre; description des phénomènes de la vie du globe in two volumes.
During the 1870 siege of Paris, Reclus shared in the aerostatic operations conducted by Félix Nadar, and also served in the National Guard. As a member of the Association Nationale des Travailleurs, he published a hostile manifesto against the government of Versailles in support of the Paris Commune of 1871 in the Cri du Peuple.
Continuing to serve in the National Guard, now in open revolt, Reclus was taken prisoner on April 5, and on November 16 was sentenced to deportation for life. Because of intervention by supporters from England, the sentence was commuted in January 1872 to perpetual banishment from France.
After a short visit to Italy, Reclus settled at Clarens, Switzerland, where he resumed his literary labours and produced Histoire d’une montagne, a companion to Histoire d’un ruisseau. There he wrote nearly the whole of his work, La Nouvelle Géographie universelle, la terre et les hommes, "an examination of every continent and country in terms of the effects that geographic features like rivers and mountains had on human populations—and vice versa,"[2] This compilation was profusely illustrated with maps, plans, and engravings. It was awarded the gold medal of the Paris Geographical Society in 1892. An English edition appeared simultaneously, also in 19 volumes, the first four by E. G. Ravenstein, the rest by A. H. Keane. Reclus's writings were characterized by extreme accuracy and brilliant exposition, which gave them permanent literary and scientific value. According to Kirkpatrick Sale:[2]
His geographical work, thoroughly researched and unflinchingly scientific, laid out a picture of human-nature interaction that we today would call bioregionalism. It showed, with more detail than anyone but a dedicated geographer could possibly absorb, how the ecology of a place determined the kinds of lives and livelihoods its denizens would have and thus how people could properly live in self-regarding and self-determined bioregions without the interference of large and centralized governments that always try to homogenize diverse geographical areas.
In 1882, Reclus initiated the Anti-Marriage Movement, in accordance with which he allowed his two daughters to marry without any civil or religious ceremony. This action caused embarrassment to many of his well-wishers. The French government initiated prosecution from the High Court of Lyon against the anarchists and members of the International Association, of which Reclus and the influential Peter Kropotkin were designated the two chief organizers. Kropotkin was arrested and condemned to five years’ imprisonment, but Reclus escaped punishment as he remained in Switzerland.
In 1894, Reclus was appointed chair of comparative geography at the University of Brussels. He contributed several important articles and essays to French, German and English scientific journals.
Shortly before his death, Reclus completed L'Homme et la terre, in which he added to his previous greater works by considering humanity's development relative to its geographical environment.
Reclus died at Torhout, near Bruges, Belgium.
Reclus was admired by many prominent 19th century thinkers, including Alfred Russell Wallace,[3] George Perkins Marsh and Patrick Geddes,[4] Henry Stephens Salt,[5] and Octave Mirbeau.[6] James Joyce was influenced by Reclus' book La civilisation et les grands fleuves historiques.
Reclus advocated nature conservation and opposed meat-eating and cruelty to animals. He was a vegetarian.[7] As a result, his ideas are seen by some historians as anticipating the modern social ecology and animal rights movements.[8]
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). "Reclus, Jean Jacques Elisée". Encyclopædia Britannica. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 957,958. http://www.archive.org/stream/encyclopaediabri22chisrich#page/957/mode/1up.
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